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Urbano music ( ; ) or Latin urban is a transnational umbrella category including many different genres and styles. As an umbrella term it includes a wide and diverse set of genres and styles such as dancehall, Dembow beat, urban champeta, funk carioca, Latin hip hop and reggaeton. The commercial breakthrough of this music took place in 2017 with artists from Colombia, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Panama, Puerto Rico, the United States, Venezuela and even non-Spanish-speaking nations, such as Brazil, where Portuguese is spoken.
Reggae as a musical genre has its origins in Jamaica, and it became popular throughout the 1970s in the black-immigrant communities of the other British West Indies, North America, and Great Britain. Jamaican reggae was embraced in the Spanish-speaking world first in Panama by the descendants of black workers who immigrated to the Isthmus during the construction of the Panama Railroad (mid-19th century), the railways for the banana companies (late 19th century), and the Panama Canal (early 20th century). Prior to the period of construction of the Panama Canal (1904–1915), most of the Afro-Caribbean communities in Panama were of Jamaican descent, but with the construction of the canal these communities grew in diversity with immigrants from other parts of the Caribbean such as Jamaica, Barbados, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Trinidad, Dominica, French and British Guyana and other Caribbean Islands.[2] THE AFRICAN PRESENCE IN PANAMA—FROM THE CANAL TO COLON CITY
In 1977, a Guyanese immigrant who went by the nickname "Guyana", along with a local DJ known as "Wassabanga," introduced for the first time the reggae rhythms in Panama with lyrics in Spanish. The Roots of Reggaeton called "Reggae en español" Wassabanga's music, along with later interpreters such as Rastanini and Calito Soul, were perhaps the first remarkable cases of Reggae en Español, and came at a time when many Panamanians were already developing a musical and spiritual bond with the Mecca of reggae music (Kingston, Jamaica) and the music of Bob Marley.Manuel, Peter. Caribbean Music from Rumba to Reggae, 2 edition. March 28, 2006. Temple University Press. Retrieved on February 10, 2009.
It is important to note that reggaetón goes beyond the commonly highlighted topics of sex, dancing, and love. The genre addresses a range of themes, including everyday life, social and political concerns, poverty, local conditions, friendship, athletics, and inter-Caribbean loyalties. Reggaeton lyrics embody the "violent poverty aesthetic", underscoring the experience of urban poverty in Puerto Rico. Crime and violence, prevalent in the urban environment, find expression in reggaetón as artists intimately relate their experiences with marginality, violence, and criminalization. Moreover, there is a clear masculine aesthetic within reggaetón, emphasizing the genre's portrayal of an ultramasculine urban space. Reggaetoneros construct and assert their masculinity through shout-outs, lyrical content, and the conceptualization of spaces, presenting the street as a tough, masculine environment that defines their strength and worthiness. Another prevalent theme in reggaetón is Black aesthetic, indicating that many artists envision themselves as black or dark individuals, linking their disadvantaged societal position to the intersection of race and class. This sheds light on how reggaetoneros articulate racial dynamics within the context of urban poverty.
The specific "riddim" that characterizes reggaeton is referred to as "Dem Bow". The name is taken from the dancehall song by Shabba Ranks, from his 1990 album Just Reality, that first popularized the beat in the early 1990s.
In 2004, reggaeton became popular in the United States and Europe. Tego Calderón received airplay in the U.S., and the music was popular among youth. Daddy Yankee's El Cangri.com became popular that year in the country, as did Héctor & Tito. Luny Tunes and Noriega's Mas Flow, Yaga & Mackie's Sonando Diferente, Tego Calderón's El Abayarde, Ivy Queen's Diva, Zion & Lennox's Motivando a la Yal and the Desafío compilation were also well received. Rapper N.O.R.E. released a hit single, "Oye Mi Canto". Daddy Yankee released Barrio Fino and a hit single, "Gasolina". Tego Calderón recorded the singles "Pa' Que Retozen" and "Guasa Guasa". Don Omar was popular, particularly in Europe, with "Pobre Diabla" and "Dale Don Dale". Other popular reggaeton artists include Tony Dize, Angel & Khriz, Nina Sky, Dyland & Lenny, RKM & Ken-Y, Julio Voltio, Calle 13, Héctor el Father, Wisin & Yandel and Tito El Bambino. In late 2004 and early 2005, Shakira recorded "La Tortura" and "La Tortura – Shaketon Remix" for her album, Fijación Oral Vol. 1 (Oral Fixation Vol. 1), popularizing reggaeton in North America, Europe and Asia. Musicians began to incorporate bachata into reggaeton,Raquel Z. Rivera, Wayne Marshall and Deborah Pacini Hernandez. "Reggaeton". Duke University Press. 2009. pg. 143–144 with Ivy Queen releasing singles ("Te He Querido, Te He Llorado" and "La Mala") featuring bachata's signature guitar sound, slower, romantic rhythms, and emotive singing style. Daddy Yankee's "Lo Que Paso, Paso" and Don Omar's "Dile" are also bachata-influenced. In 2005 producers began to remix existing reggaeton music with bachata, marketing it as bachaton: "bachata, Puerto Rican style".
During the late 2000s and 2010s, a new format of merengue become very popular—Merengue de Calle, or Urban Merengue. Omega is regarded as one of the most popular acts and was the recipient of Best Merengue Urban act in the 2009 and 2010 Soberano Awards. His studio albums El Dueño del Flow (2009) and El Dueño del Flow (2011) charted on the US Top Latin Albums and Tropical Albums. He collaborated with other Latin American artists, including Daddy Yankee, Ozuna, Shakira, Akon, and Pitbull.
In 2011, Vakero became the first recipient of Best Urbano Artist at the Soberano Awards. In 2014, Don Miguelo released "Como Yo Le Doy" with Pitbull, which peaked at number one on US Tropical Songs and 16 on Hot Latin Songs. It was nominated at Premios Juventud 2015 and was certified platinum by the RIAA for selling over 60,000 units in the United States, becoming the first urban act to do so. In 2015, Mozart La Para hit the top 20 at US Tropical Airplay and Latin Rhythm charts with the track "Llegan los Montro Men" and later signed a recording contract worth $2 million to Roc Nation. In 2016, Lapiz Conciente's studio album Latidos debuted at number 7 on the US Billboard Latin Albums; the following year, his song "Papa" with veteran rapper Vico C was nominated for Best Urbano Song at the 18th Annual Latin Grammy Awards.
Karol G is a Colombian Reggaeton singer who has done collaborations with other reggaetón singers, such as J Balvin, Bad Bunny, and Maluma. Throughout her career, Karol G has had troubles in the industry because reggaetón is a genre that male artists dominate. She recounts how when starting her career, she noticed that there were not many opportunities for her in the genre because male artists dominated reggaetón. In 2018, Karol G's single "Mi Cama" became very popular, and she made a remix with J Balvin and Nicky Jam. The "Mi Cama" remix appeared in the top 10 Hot Latin Songs and number 1 in Latin Airplay charts. This year she has collaborated with Maluma called Creeme and with Anuel AA in "Culpables". The single "Culpables" has been in the top 10 Hot Latin Songs for 2 consecutive weeks.
Puerto Rican reggaeton and Latin trap singer Ozuna states that it originated in 2007 with the song "El Pistolón", performed by Arcángel & De La Ghetto, Yaga & Mackie, and Jowell & Randy (the former two were duo at the time). In an August 2017 article for Billboard's series, "A Brief History Of", they enlisted some of the key artists of Latin trap, including Ozuna, De La Ghetto, Bad Bunny, Farruko and Messiah to narrate a brief history on the genre. In 2018, Cardi B's hit single "I Like It" featuring Bad Bunny and J Balvin became the first Latin trap song to reach number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart.
The song's success and its remix version led Daddy Yankee to become the most listened-to artist worldwide on the streaming service Spotify on July 9, 2017, being the first Latin artist to do so. He later became the fifth most listened-to male artist and the sixth overall of 2017 on Spotify. In June 2017, "Despacito" was cited by Billboards Leila Cobo as the song that renewed interest in the Latin music market from recording labels in the United States. Julyssa Lopez of The Washington Post stated that the successes of "Despacito" and J Balvin's "Mi Gente" is "the beginning of a new Latin crossover era." Stephanie Ho of Genius website wrote that "the successes of 'Despacito' and 'Mi Gente' could point to the beginning of a successful wave for Spanish-language music in the US." Ho also stated that "as 'Despacito' proves, fans don't need to understand the language to enjoy the music", referring to the worldwide success of the song.
RKT—also known as Cachengue, cumbiatón, onda turra or cumbia turra—is a form of Argentine cumbia that is heavily influenced by cumbia villera and reggaeton. The genre emerged in San Martín, Buenos Aires during the 2000s and became popular in Argentina during the 2010s with artists such Los Wachiturros and Nene Malo. The genre has spread to other countries, including Bolivia, Chile and Uruguay. DJ Fer Palacio has made a name for himself by remixing reggaeton songs with elements of cachengue.
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